How SSH Nuke in Matrix Reloaded works

In the movie Matrix Reloaded, we see Trinity use SSH Nuke to hack a compromised server. This script exploits the SSH CRC-32 vulnerability, specifically known as CVE-2001-0144, which affected older versions of the OpenSSH software. Here’s an explanation of how this vulnerability worked: Overview of the Vulnerability The SSH CRC-32 vulnerability exploited a flaw in …

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How to call OpenAI’s ChatGPT API

Here is how you can call OpenAI’s ChatGPT API, given that you have an API key. Follow these instructions to get one. import openai   openai.api_key = ‘<your API key>’   openai.ChatCompletion.create( model="gpt-3.5-turbo", messages=[ {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Who won the world series in 2020?"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": …

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Double Machine Learning for Dummies as explained by ChatGPT

I asked ChatGPT to: explain double machine learning for dummies Here is the answer: Double machine learning (DML) is a statistical method used to estimate treatment effects in the presence of high-dimensional controls. To put it simply, it’s a way to answer questions about cause and effect using data and machine learning, even when there …

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How to Draw an Owl

Taken from lecture 1 of Statistical Rethinking course (around the 44 minute mark). The course material is also on Github. How to draw an "owl" version 1: Create generative simulation (GS) Write an estimator Validate estimator using simulated data Analyze real data: … Reuse 1 to compute hypothetical interventions How to draw an "owl" version …

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How to sort numbers with an evolutionary algorithm (CMA-ES)

Yes, this is clearly nonsense. Sorting is not a hard problem and standard algorithms such as quicksort and mergesort have O(x^2) and O(n log(n)) complexity. But let me scratch this itch of sorting numbers using an evolutionary algorithm, specifically Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES). Technically, we will use what I think is the original …

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How to draw lines on map in Databricks

Imports: import plotly.graph_objects as go Plot: fig = go.Figure() fig.add_trace(go.Scattermapbox( mode = "markers+lines", lon = [10, 20, 30], lat = [10, 15,30], marker = {'size': 10})) fig.add_trace(go.Scattermapbox( mode = "markers+lines", lon = [-50, -60,40], lat = [30, 10, -20], marker = {'size': 10})) fig.update_layout( margin ={'l':0,'t':0,'b':0,'r':0}, mapbox = { 'center': {'lon': 10, 'lat': 10}, 'style': …

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How to call an API from PySpark (in workers)

Tested in Databricks import pyspark.sql.functions as F import requests # create dataframe pokenumbers = [(i,) for i in range(100)] cols = ["pokenum"] df_pokenums = spark.createDataFrame(data=pokenumbers, schema=cols) # call API def get_name(rows): # take the first item in list (API doesn't support batch) first = rows[0] url = f'https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon-form/{first.pokenum}' try: resp = requests.get(url) name = resp.json()['pokemon']['name'] …

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How to use bnlearn to learn causal structures

This article on causal machine learning covers a practical example of how to learn structural causal models (SCM) directly from data. We will use bnlearn, which is an open-source library for learning the graphical structure of Bayesian networks in Python. Check out my Github repo for additional code examples. For other frameworks, checkout my page …

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